Abortus -

The bacterium's ability to persist inside host macrophages makes it difficult to treat, often requiring long-term combination antibiotic therapy.

Reduced milk production and the birth of weak calves further compound agricultural losses. abortus

Infected animals frequently experience decreased fertility and retained placentas. The bacterium's ability to persist inside host macrophages

Contagious abortion, often occurring in the last trimester of pregnancy, is the most common sign. abortus

The bacteria are often spread through contact with aborted fetuses, placentas, or vaginal discharges. In the United States, wildlife reservoirs like bison and elk in the Yellowstone area maintain the pathogen, occasionally transmitting it back to livestock. Zoonotic Transmission and Human Health