Guía Didáctica de la Escultura - Insights into tools and techniques (Biblioteca Nacional de España).
Auguste Rodin revolutionized the era by focusing on emotion and the "unfinished" look, moving away from idealized perfection toward expressive realism. 20th Century: The Radical Revolution
Artists moved beyond stone and metal, experimenting with concrete, plastic, iron, and industrial waste .
The Industrial Revolution introduced new methods for bronze casting , making large-scale public monuments more accessible.