Al-Jazari (12th century) is often credited with early examples of automated machines and water clocks.
An open-loop system (like a toaster) runs for a set time regardless of the result. A closed-loop system (like a cruise control) constantly checks the output to adjust the input. Historical Context Otomatik Kontrol
The "eyes" of the system that measure variables like temperature, speed, or pressure. Al-Jazari (12th century) is often credited with early