Sardine (2024)

As small pelagic fish, they are a more sustainable seafood choice with lower mercury levels compared to larger predatory fish [15]. 3. Fisheries and Stock Management

Sardines belong to the family Clupeidae [5, 14]. Key species include the European sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) [4] and the Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) [33]. sardine

They are microphagous filter feeders, consuming plankton [5, 13]. They exhibit strong vertical migration, typically staying at depths of 35–55m during the day and rising to 13–35m at night [5]. 2. Nutritional and Health Benefits Sardines are increasingly recognized as a "superfood" [19]: As small pelagic fish, they are a more

Modern research is exploring ways to convert sardine solid waste into high-value products like natural hydroxyapatite for water treatment [3] or refined fish oil for food enrichment [7]. 4. Cultural and Culinary Trends Key species include the European sardine ( Sardina

The global sardine industry faces significant environmental and regulatory challenges: