Switch-mode Power Supplies -

Energy is stored in reactive components like inductors and capacitors during the "on" cycle and released to the load during the "off" cycle.

Steps up the input voltage to a higher output level. Switch-Mode Power Supplies

Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies Energy is stored in reactive components like inductors