: The unified empire acted as a bridge between East and West, preserving ancient Greek and Persian knowledge while introducing innovations like paper and Indian numerals (now called Arabic numerals) to Europe. A New Global Order
: Historians often attribute this rapid success to the military exhaustion of the Byzantines and Persians after decades of mutual warfare, as well as the high degree of mobilization and ideological coherence within the early Muslim community. Cultural and Linguistic Transformation The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Isl...
: By the mid-eighth century, the caliphates controlled roughly 13 million square kilometers, including the Iberian Peninsula (Spain), North Africa, the Levant, and Central Asia. : The unified empire acted as a bridge